High-Frequency Advanced Grammar 1: '-(으)ㄴ/는 데다가' (-(eu)n/neun deda-ga), '-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라' (-(eu)l ppunman anira)
This lesson covers high-frequency 'addition' grammar for TOPIK II. These patterns add extra information to a preceding statement and appear often in both formal writing and speech.
1. '-(으)ㄴ/는 데다가' (-(eu)n/neun deda-ga) — on top of; in addition to
Use this to add a further fact of a similar character to a situation. The two clauses usually share the same polarity (both positive or both negative). With verbs use present '-는 데다가' or past '-(으)ㄴ 데다가'; with adjectives use '-(으)ㄴ 데다가'.
이 식당은 음식이 맛있는 데다가 값도 싸서 인기가 많다.
i sikdang-eun eumsik-i masinneun deda-ga gapsdo ssaseo ingi-ga manta.
This restaurant is popular because the food is delicious and, on top of that, it is cheap.
그는 실력이 뛰어난 데다가 성격도 좋아서 모두에게 사랑받는다.
geu-neun sillyeok-i ttwieonan deda-ga seonggyeokdo joaseo modu-ege sarangbatneunda.
He is outstanding in skill and, in addition, has a good personality, so everyone loves him.
비가 오는 데다가 바람까지 불어서 무척 춥다.
bi-ga oneun deda-ga baram-kkaji bureoseo mucheok chupda.
It is raining and, on top of that, the wind is blowing, so it is very cold.
그 가게는 위치가 안 좋은 데다가 직원도 불친절하다.
geu gage-neun wichi-ga an joeun deda-ga jigwondo bulchinjeolhada.
That shop is in a bad location and, on top of that, the staff are unfriendly.
2. '-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라' (-(eu)l ppunman anira) — not only ... but also
Use this to append a further, often weightier point to a preceding fact. After a noun, attach '뿐만 아니라' (ppunman anira) directly.
그 정책은 환경을 보호할 뿐만 아니라 경제에도 도움이 된다.
geu jeongchaek-eun hwangyeong-eul bohohal ppunman anira gyeongje-edo doum-i doenda.
That policy not only protects the environment but also benefits the economy.
이 책은 내용이 알찰 뿐만 아니라 문장도 쉽다.
i chaek-eun naeyong-i alchal ppunman anira munjangdo swipda.
This book is not only substantial in content but also easy in its sentences.
그녀는 한국어뿐만 아니라 중국어도 유창하다.
geunyeo-neun hangugeo-ppunman anira junggugeo-do yuchanghada.
She is fluent not only in Korean but also in Chinese.
3. Comparison: '-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라' (-(eu)l ppunman anira) vs '-(으)ㄴ/는 데다가' (-(eu)n/neun deda-ga)
'-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라' attaches directly to nouns and is more formal and emphatic. By contrast, '-(으)ㄴ/는 데다가' sounds natural in speech and emphasizes the accumulation of circumstances.
| Grammar | Form | Nuance |
|---|---|---|
| -(으)ㄴ/는 데다가 | verb or adjective | addition in the same direction |
| -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 | verb, adjective, or noun + 뿐만 | emphasis with expansion |
| -(으)며 | verb or adjective | coordinate listing; formal |
| -(으)ㄴ/는 것은 물론 | verb, adjective, or noun | taken-for-granted premise, then addition |
💡 Tip: Both patterns sound natural when the second clause carries stronger or more decisive weight than the first. '-(으)ㄴ/는 데다가' can also link two negative facts, e.g. 늦은 데다가 준비물까지 안 가져왔다 (I was late and, on top of that, didn't even bring my materials).