Citation and Connective Expressions

In professional writing, the citation and connective expressions that logically link paragraphs determine the polish of the text.

'-e ttareumyeon': according to

This is the key expression for citing another's research or data and naming the source. It is usually followed by reported-speech forms such as '-(n/neun)dago handa' (it is said that) and '-(eu)ro natanatda' (was found to be).

'hanpyeon' / 'banmyeone': meanwhile / on the other hand

Use 'hanpyeon' to move smoothly to a new topic, and 'banmyeone' to present a fact that contrasts with what precedes.

'naaga' / 'deouki': furthermore / moreover

These are used to add a stronger ground or an expanded point to what precedes. 'naaga' advances the discussion a step further, while 'deouki' adds a decisive piece of evidence.

'ttaraseo': therefore

This is used to draw a conclusion from the evidence presented earlier. As the formal written form of 'geuraeseo', it makes the logical cause-and-effect relationship explicit.

💡 Tip: A sentence beginning with '-e ttareumyeon' must end with a reported-speech form. 'jaryoe ttareumyeon ~ida' is awkward; 'jaryoe ttareumyeon ~in geoseuro natanatda / ~rago handa' is correct.